|
|
| Zirconium | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,10,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d2 5s2 |
| Ground state | 3F2 |
| Atomic Volume | 14.1 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.33 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.66 x 10-8 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.514 x 10-9 |
| Speed of sound | 3800 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 598 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 23 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 566.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 25.36 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 22.6 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 5.7 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 650 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 5.0 |
| Vickers hardness | 903 MPa |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Poisson ratio | 0.34 |
| Shear modulus | 33 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 68 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 4.2 x 10-7 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.8509 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.05 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 80 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
6.84 |
| Second
|
13.13 |
| Third
|
22.99 |
| Incompatibilities | Potassium nitrate (KNO3), oxidizers. |
| Flammability |
|
| Combustible
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
15.7751 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
15.6909 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 16.6) |
17.6678 KeV |
| Kβ2 (intensity 3.2) |
17.9663 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 7.9) |
17.6501 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
2.04236 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
2.0399 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 44) |
2.1244 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 1.8) |
2.2194 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 4) |
2.2014 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 1.5) |
2.1878 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 0.5) |
2.3027 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 3) |
1.876 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 6) |
1.7906 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
155 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
206 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
148 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
No data. |
| Triple covalent
|
121 pm |
| Metallic
|
160 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 4 | IV | 0.73 | 0.59 | R |
| V | 0.8 | 0.66 | C | |
| VI | 0.86 | 0.72 | R* | |
| VII | 0.92 | 0.78 | * | |
| VIII | 0.98 | 0.84 | * | |
| IX | 1.03 | 0.89 | ||
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Zr+4 |
| Other
|
Zr0, Zr+1, Zr+2, Zr+3 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
660 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1267 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2218 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
3313 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
7860 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
9500 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
11200 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
13800 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
15700 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
17500 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 2639 | 2891 | 3197 | 3575 | 4053 | 4678 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Hexagonal close packed |
 |
a = 323.2 pm |
| b = 323.2 pm | |
| c = 514.7 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 120° | |